Intelligent Traffic Control System Using 8051 Microcontroller

Introduction

An intelligent traffic control system aims to manage and control traffic flow efficiently, reducing congestion and improving safety at intersections. This article explores the design, components, and implementation of an intelligent traffic control system using the 8051 microcontroller. The system uses sensors to detect vehicle presence and adjust signal timings dynamically.

Components Required

1. 8051 Microcontroller: The core processing unit for the project.

2. Infrared (IR) Sensors: Detect the presence of vehicles at the intersection.

3. LEDs or Traffic Lights: Represent the traffic signals (red, yellow, and green lights).

4. Seven Segment Display: To show the countdown timer for each signal.

5. Resistors, Capacitors, and other Passive Components: For building the supporting circuitry.

6. Power Supply: To provide necessary voltage to the circuit.

7. Programming Cable and Software: For uploading the code to the microcontroller.

Working Principle

The IR sensors detect the presence of vehicles at each lane of the intersection. The 8051 microcontroller processes the input from these sensors to determine which lane has the highest vehicle density and adjusts the traffic signal timings accordingly. The system ensures efficient traffic flow by giving priority to lanes with more vehicles.

Circuit Design

1. Microcontroller (8051): The core of the project, interfaced with IR sensors, traffic lights, and the seven-segment display.

2. IR Sensors: Placed at each lane to detect the presence of vehicles.

3. LEDs or Traffic Lights: Indicate the traffic signal status for each lane.

4. Seven Segment Display: Shows the countdown timer for each signal.

Circuit Diagram

Here's a simplified connection outline:

• 8051 Microcontroller Pins:

• P0: Connected to the seven-segment display.

• P1: Connected to the IR sensors.

• P2: Connected to the LEDs (traffic lights).

• P3: Control lines for additional functionalities if needed.

Software Implementation

1. Initializing I/O Ports: Set up ports for controlling LEDs, reading sensor inputs, and driving the seven-segment display.

2. Sensor Input Handling: Continuously monitor the IR sensors for vehicle presence.

3. Signal Control Logic: Adjust traffic signal timings based on sensor inputs.

4. Display Update: Show the countdown timer on the seven-segment display.

#include <reg51.h>

// Define the pins for LEDs (traffic lights)

sbit RED1 = P2^0;

sbit YELLOW1 = P2^1;

sbit GREEN1 = P2^2;

sbit RED2 = P2^3;

sbit YELLOW2 = P2^4;

sbit GREEN2 = P2^5;

sbit RED3 = P2^6;

sbit YELLOW3 = P2^7;

sbit GREEN3 = P3^0;

sbit RED4 = P3^1;

sbit YELLOW4 = P3^2;

sbit GREEN4 = P3^3;

// Define the pins for IR sensors

sbit IR1 = P1^0;

sbit IR2 = P1^1;

sbit IR3 = P1^2;

sbit IR4 = P1^3;

// Function prototypes

void delay(unsigned int time);

void init_traffic_lights(void);

void control_traffic(void);

void display_timer(unsigned char timer);

void main(void) {

    init_traffic_lights(); // Initialize traffic lights

    while (1) {

        control_traffic(); // Control the traffic based on sensor inputs

    }

}

// Function to initialize traffic lights

void init_traffic_lights(void) {

    RED1 = 1; YELLOW1 = 0; GREEN1 = 0;

    RED2 = 1; YELLOW2 = 0; GREEN2 = 0;

    RED3 = 1; YELLOW3 = 0; GREEN3 = 0;

    RED4 = 1; YELLOW4 = 0; GREEN4 = 0;

}

// Function to control the traffic based on sensor inputs

void control_traffic(void) {

    unsigned char timer = 10; // Initial timer value

    // Check sensor inputs and adjust traffic lights

    if (IR1 == 0) {

        // Give priority to lane 1

        RED1 = 0; GREEN1 = 1;

        RED2 = 1; GREEN2 = 0;

        RED3 = 1; GREEN3 = 0;

        RED4 = 1; GREEN4 = 0;

        display_timer(timer); // Display timer on seven segment display

        delay(10000); // 10 second delay

    } else if (IR2 == 0) {

        // Give priority to lane 2

        RED1 = 1; GREEN1 = 0;

        RED2 = 0; GREEN2 = 1;

        RED3 = 1; GREEN3 = 0;

        RED4 = 1; GREEN4 = 0;

        display_timer(timer); // Display timer on seven segment display

        delay(10000); // 10 second delay

    } else if (IR3 == 0) {

        // Give priority to lane 3

        RED1 = 1; GREEN1 = 0;

        RED2 = 1; GREEN2 = 0;

        RED3 = 0; GREEN3 = 1;

        RED4 = 1; GREEN4 = 0;

        display_timer(timer); // Display timer on seven segment display

        delay(10000); // 10 second delay

    } else if (IR4 == 0) {

        // Give priority to lane 4

        RED1 = 1; GREEN1 = 0;

        RED2 = 1; GREEN2 = 0;

        RED3 = 1; GREEN3 = 0;

        RED4 = 0; GREEN4 = 1;

        display_timer(timer); // Display timer on seven segment display

        delay(10000); // 10 second delay

    }

}

// Function to display timer on seven segment display

void display_timer(unsigned char timer) {

    // Code to display timer on seven segment display

    // This is a simplified version, actual implementation will depend on the specific seven segment display used

    P0 = timer;

}

// Delay function

void delay(unsigned int time) {

    int i, j;

    for (i = 0; i < time; i++)

        for (j = 0; j < 1275; j++);

}

Explanation

1. Sensor Input Handling: The IR sensors are connected to port P1 of the microcontroller. When a vehicle is detected, the corresponding sensor input is low (0).

2. Signal Control Logic: Based on the sensor inputs, the microcontroller gives priority to the lane with the highest vehicle density by turning on the green light for that lane and red lights for the others. A countdown timer is displayed on the seven-segment display.

3. Display Timer: The timer value is displayed on the seven-segment display connected to port P0 of the microcontroller. The timer counts down to zero, indicating the remaining time for the current signal.

4. LED Control: The traffic lights (LEDs) are connected to ports P2 and P3 of the microcontroller. The green light for the prioritized lane is turned on, while red lights for the other lanes are turned on.

Conclusion

Building an intelligent traffic control system using the 8051 microcontroller is an excellent project to learn about interfacing microcontrollers with sensors and output devices. The project demonstrates how to use sensor inputs to make real-time decisions and control traffic signals dynamically. This system can be further enhanced by adding more sensors, integrating wireless communication for remote monitoring, or implementing advanced algorithms for traffic prediction and management.

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