40+ Interview Questions and Answers for IOT Engineer

3 days ago38 min read

Updated: 9 hours ago

In this article, we have listed Interview Questions and Answers for IOT opportunities. These IOT Interview Question Answers are divided into various categories which will help you crack Interviews and secure your job. All the categories and questions are listed below, click and explore the l/topic -

Interview Questions for IOT Engineer categories:

General IoT Questions

IoT Interview Questions for Freshers

IoT Questions for Experienced

Conclusion

Final Tips for the Interview

Paid IOT Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Free IOT Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

1. General IoT Questions:

Q1: What is IoT?

A: IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of interconnected physical devices that collect, exchange, and process data over the internet. These devices include sensors, actuators, embedded systems, and cloud platforms.

Q2: Can you explain the basic architecture of an IoT system?

A: An IoT system consists of the following layers:

Perception Layer – Includes sensors and actuators for data collection.
Network Layer – Transfers data using communication protocols (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, etc.).
Edge Layer – Processes data closer to the source to reduce latency.
Cloud Layer – Stores, analyzes, and manages data.
Application Layer – Provides user interfaces such as web/mobile apps for interaction.

Q3: What are the key components of an IoT ecosystem?

Sensors & Actuators – Capture real-world data.
Connectivity – Communication protocols (MQTT, HTTP, CoAP, LoRaWAN, etc.).
Edge Computing – Local data processing (Raspberry Pi, NVIDIA Jetson, etc.).
Cloud Platforms – AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, Microsoft Azure IoT.
Security – Encryption, authentication, access control.
User Interface – Mobile apps, dashboards, web interfaces.

Q4: What are some commonly used IoT sensors?

Temperature Sensors – DHT11, DHT22, LM35
Motion Sensors – PIR Sensor, Accelerometers
Proximity Sensors – Ultrasonic, Infrared (IR) Sensors
Gas Sensors – MQ-2, MQ-135
Humidity Sensors – HIH-4000, DHT22
Pressure Sensors – BMP180, BMP280

Q5: What microcontrollers and development boards are commonly used in IoT?

Arduino (Uno, Mega, Nano, MKR1000) – Simple prototyping
ESP8266 / ESP32 – Wi-Fi-enabled microcontrollers
Raspberry Pi – For edge computing and IoT gateways
STM32 – High-performance microcontrollers
BeagleBone – Industrial IoT applications

Q6: What are the common communication protocols used in IoT?

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) – Lightweight, ideal for IoT messaging.
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) – Optimized for low-power devices.
HTTP/HTTPS – Used for web-based IoT applications.
LoRaWAN – Long-range, low-power communication.
Zigbee & Z-Wave – Used in smart home automation.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) – Used in wearable devices.

Q7: What is MQTT, and why is it used in IoT?

A: MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for low-bandwidth, high-latency networks.It is preferred in IoT because:

Low power consumption
Efficient bandwidth usage
Supports Quality of Service (QoS) levels

Q8: What are some popular IoT cloud platforms?

AWS IoT Core – Scalable and secure IoT services.
Google Cloud IoT – Supports real-time analytics.
Microsoft Azure IoT Hub – Provides robust security.
IBM Watson IoT – AI-driven IoT insights.
ThingsBoard – Open-source IoT platform.

Q9: What is Edge Computing, and why is it important in IoT?

A: Edge computing processes data closer to the source (IoT devices) instead of sending it to the cloud.

Benefits:

Reduces latency
Enhances data privacy
Saves bandwidth
Improves real-time decision-making

Q10: What are the common security challenges in IoT?

Weak Authentication – Use of default or weak passwords.
Data Privacy Issues – Unsecured data transmission.
Firmware Vulnerabilities – Outdated and unpatched firmware.
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks – Overloading IoT devices.
Man-in-the-Middle Attacks – Intercepting communication.

Q11: How can you secure an IoT device?

Use strong authentication mechanisms (OAuth, JWT).
Encrypt data (AES, TLS/SSL).
Use secure boot & firmware updates.
Implement firewalls & IDS (Intrusion Detection Systems).
Ensure network segmentation (VPNs, VLANs).

Q12: What programming languages are commonly used in IoT?

C / C++ – Used for embedded systems.
Python – Used in Raspberry Pi, AI/ML applications.
JavaScript / Node.js – For IoT web applications.
Java – Used in Android-based IoT applications.
Rust – For secure, low-level IoT programming.

Q13: What is an IoT gateway, and why is it needed?

A: An IoT gateway acts as a bridge between IoT devices and the cloud.Functions:

Protocol translation (e.g., Zigbee to MQTT).
Edge processing & analytics.
Security enforcement.
Connectivity management.

Q14: Name some real-world applications of IoT.

Smart Home Automation – Alexa, Google Nest
Industrial IoT (IIoT) – Predictive maintenance, asset tracking
Healthcare – Remote patient monitoring, smart wearables
Agriculture – Smart irrigation, soil moisture sensors
Smart Cities – Traffic management, waste management
Retail – Smart inventory management, RFID tracking

Q15: How would you troubleshoot an IoT device that is not sending data?

Check Power Supply – Ensure battery or power source is active.
Verify Network Connectivity – Check Wi-Fi, LoRa, or other connections.
Debug Firmware – Use logs and serial monitors (Arduino Serial Monitor, PuTTY).
Check Sensors & Actuators – Ensure they are functioning correctly.
Inspect Cloud Connection – Verify API endpoints, authentication tokens.
Monitor Device Logs – Use tools like MQTT.fx for MQTT debugging.

Q16: What is IoT (Internet of Things)?

A:The term IoT (Internet of Things) was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999. It is referred to as a network of interconnected physical objects (referred to as "things") worldwide that are capable of collecting and exchanging data without human interaction. These devices contain embedded systems (software, electronics, networks, and sensors) that are able to collect data about the surrounding environment, transmit data over a network, respond to remote commands, or take actions based on data collected. There are many IoT devices or things available today, including wearables, implants, vehicles, machinery, smartphones, appliances, computing systems, or any other item that can send and receive data.

Cloud-based storage and computing, Cyber-Physical Systems, and big data networks can all be integrated with IoT. The IoT primarily focuses on expanding internet connectivity from standard devices (such as computers, mobile phones, or tablets) to relatively dumb ones like toasters. It turns old "dumb" devices into "smart" ones by making them able to transmit data over the internet, facilitating communication with people and other IoT-enabled devices.

IoT Interview Questions for Freshers:

1. What do you mean by replication?

A: In replication, data is synchronized between two or more servers. This is a method of storing the same data on more than one site or server. This feature allows data to be accessed seamlessly even during server downtimes or heavy traffic. Users gain consistent access to data while not interfering with or slowing down those of other users. Replication of data is more than just a backup. A publisher is considered to be the server that originates the data, and a subscriber is the one where it is replicated. Data replication involves the publisher synchronizing its transaction with the subscriber and updating subscriber data automatically. A change made on the publisher's side is automatically reflected on the subscriber's side as well.

2. What do you mean by BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)?

A: Beginners may see BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) as a type of Bluetooth that uses less power, uses less energy. BLE, or Bluetooth Smart, is a relatively new form of Bluetooth technology that consumes much less power and costs than classic Bluetooth while offering a similar range of communication. As shown in the following diagram, BLE is not a replacement for Classic Bluetooth and they both serve a specific marketplace. Bluetooth Low Energy technology has been developed with the purpose of facilitating the IoT. Generally, the Internet of Things is about connecting devices with each other, usually via a wireless connection, such as Bluetooth low energy to allow them to communicate and share data. With its high energy efficiency, BLE has become a preferred and ideal choice for IoT. IoT enthusiasts and application developers have increasingly adopted Bluetooth LE to connect smart devices.

3. What are the different components of IoT?

A: IoT devices usually consist of four main components as follows:

Sensors: A sensor or device is an important component for gathering live data from the surrounding environment. The nature of this data can vary. This could be as simple as your phone having a temperature sensor, GPS, an accelerometer, or as complex as a live video feature on a social media platform. Sensors make it possible for IoT devices to connect to the real world and environment.
Connectivity: Upon collection, all data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. This could be done by connecting the sensors to the cloud using a variety of communication mediums such as mobile or satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc. Various IoT devices use different types of connectivity.
Data Processing: Once the data has been collected, and has reached the cloud, it is the responsibility of the data processors to process it. Data processing software can enhance IoT devices in a wide range of ways, from adjusting the temperature of the air conditioner to recognizing faces on mobile phones.
User Interface: An IoT device interacts with a user through a User Interface. A user interface is the visible, tangible component of an IoT system that can be accessed by users. It involves presenting the information in a way that is valuable to the end-user. A well-designed user interface will simplify the experience for users and encourage them to interact more. Information needs to be made accessible to end-users in some way, like sending them alerts via notification, email or text message.

4. What are the advantages of IoT?

A: An IoT (Internet of Things) system is an advanced automation and analytics system that makes use of networking, big data, sensing, and Artificial Intelligence to provide a complete solution. It provides the following benefits:

Improved customer engagement: IoT facilitates a better customer experience by automating tasks. In a car, for instance, any issue will be detected automatically by sensors. It will be notified to both the driver and manufacturer.
Technical optimization: IoT has improved technology and made it more efficient. It has turned even old "dumb" devices into "smart" ones by making them able to transmit data over the internet, facilitating communication with people and other IoT-enabled devices. For example, coffee machines, smart toys, smart microwaves, etc.
Ease of Access: IoT has now enabled access to real-time information from (almost) any location. All you need is a smart device connected to the internet.
Improved Insights: Currently we rely on superficial insights to make decisions, but IoT provides real-time insights that lead to more efficient resource management.
New business opportunities: By collecting and analyzing data from the network, you can uncover new business insights and generate new opportunities while reducing operational costs.
Effective Time Management: Overall, the Internet of Things can save you a lot of time. While we commute to work, we can read the latest news on our phones, browse a blog about our favourite hobby, or shop online.
Improved security measures: Using IoT, access control systems can provide additional security to organizations and individuals. As an example, IoT technology in surveillance can assist in improving security standards in an organization, as well as identifying any suspicious activity.

5. What are the challenges or risks associated with IoT?

A: The following are some security risks associated with IoT:

Privacy: Connected IoT devices are vulnerable to hacking. Many IoT devices collect and transmit personal data over an open network without encryption, making it easy for hackers to access. Hackers may also use cloud endpoints to attack servers.
Insufficient testing & Outdated product: In a fast-paced market like IoT, many companies or manufacturers rush to start releasing their products and software without doing enough testing. Many of them don't provide timely updates as well. Unlike other devices such as smartphones, IoT devices are not updated, which can leave them vulnerable to data theft. Thus, IoT devices should be tested thoroughly and updated as soon as new vulnerabilities are identified in order to maintain security.
Lack of knowledge and awareness: Despite being a growing technology, people do not know much about IoT. A major security threat associated with IoT is the user's lack of knowledge and awareness of its capabilities. This poses a threat to all users.
Network Connectivity: Network connectivity can be challenging for many IoT devices. Particularly if such devices are widely dispersed, in remote locations, or if bandwidth is severely limited.
Reliability: Given the highly distributed nature of IoT devices, it can be difficult to ensure the reliability of IoT systems. Various conditions can affect the components that make up an IoT system, such as natural disasters, disruptions in cloud services, power outages, and system failures.

6. What are different types of sensors in IoT?

A: In recent years, Internet-of-Thing sensors have gained importance for enhancing productivity, lowering costs, and improving worker safety. Sensors are devices that detect changes in the environment condition and act accordingly. They detect specific types of conditions (such as light, heat, sound, distance, pressure, presence or absence of gas/liquid, etc.) in the physical world and then generate a signal (usually an electrical signal) as a measure of their magnitude. Sensors commonly used in IoT systems include:

Temperature sensors
Pressure sensor
Motion detection sensors
Gas sensor
Proximity sensor
IR sensors
Smoke Sensor, etc.

7. What are different layers of the IoT protocol stack? Write the classification of IoT protocols.

A: Internet of Things (IoT) protocols are ways of protecting data and ensuring it is exchanged securely between devices via the Internet. IoT protocols define how data is transmitted across the internet. By doing so, they ensure that data being exchanged between connected IoT devices is secure.

8. What are different communication models in IoT?

A: In general, the Internet of Things is about connecting devices to the Internet, but how they connect is not always obvious. IoT devices connect and communicate through their technical communication models. An effective communication model shows how the process works and helps one understand how communication can be done. The Internet of Things (IoT) enables people and things (devices) to be connected wherever they are, using any network or service they like.

Types of communication models -

Request-Response Model: This communication model is based on the client (IoT Device) making requests and the server responding to those requests. Upon receiving a request, the server decides what response to provide, fetches the requested data, prepares the response, and then sends it back to the client. This model is stateless because the data between requests is not retained, therefore each request is handled independently.
Publisher-Subscriber Model: Publishers, brokers, and consumers are all involved in this communication model. Publishes are the sources of data that send data to topics. The broker manages the topics, and consumers (consume data from topics) subscribe to the topics. Publishers and consumers are unaware of each other. Upon receiving data for a topic from the publisher, the broker forwards it to all subscribed consumers. As a result, brokers are responsible for receiving data from publishers and sending it to the appropriate consumers.
Push-Pull Model: This communication model entails data producers pushing the data into queues, while data consumers pull the data from the queues. Neither producer nor consumer needs to know about each other. The queues help decouple the messages between the consumers and the producers. Also, queues act as a buffer when there is a mismatch between the rate at which producers push data and the rate at which consumers pull it.
Exclusive-Pair Model: Exclusive pairs are full-duplex, bidirectional communication models developed for constant/continuous connections between a client and server. After a connection is established, clients and servers can exchange messages. As long as a client doesn't send a request to close the connection, the connection remains open. The server is aware of every open connection.

9. Write some of the most common IoT applications.

A: Following are some of the most common real-world applications of IoT:

Smart Homes: Smart homes are one of the most practical applications of IoT. Though IoT is applied in smart homes at various levels, the best one combines intelligent systems and entertainment. Example: Set-top box that allows you to record shows from remote, an automatic lighting system, a smart lock, etc.
Connect Health: Connected health systems allow for real-time monitoring and patient care. Patient data assists in better medical decisions. Also, IoT improves the power, precision, and availability of current devices.
Wearables: Wearable devices have emerged as one of the earliest industries to deploy the IoT at scale. Various wearable devices are available today, such as Fit Bits, heart rate monitors, and smartwatches.
Connected Cars: Connected cars use internet connectivity and onboard sensors to optimize their operation, maintenance, and passengers' comfort. Some of the leading automakers are working on bringing the next revolution to the car industry, including Tesla, BMW, Apple, and Google.
Hospitality: By applying IoT to the hotel industry, a higher level of service quality is achieved. Various interactions can be automated by using electronic keys that are sent directly to the mobile devices of guests. Therefore, the IoT technology enables integrated applications to manage activities such as tracking guests' locations, sending offers or information about interesting activities, placing orders for room service or room orders, and automatically charging the room account.
Farming: A variety of tools are being developed to deal with Drip Irrigation, understanding crop patterns, Water Distribution, drones for farm surveillance, etc. Farmers will be able to increase yields and address concerns using these methods.

10. Explain how IoT works.

A: Artificial Intelligence is at the core of IoT devices. The IoT consists of multiple components: sensors, a cloud component, data processing software, and cutting-edge user interfaces.

IoT systems consist of sensors/devices connected to the cloud via some form of connectivity. A Raspberry Pi equipped with a quad core processor can be used as an "Internet gateway" for IoT devices. It is a card-sized computer using which you can control outputs with GIPO (general purpose input/output) pins as we the surrounding environment and sends it to a cloud infrastructure. Once the data is real, collect data about real-world conditions using sensors. A sensor gathers live data from the cloud, the software can process it and decide what action to take, such as sending an alert or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices without user intervention.

A user interface is used if user input is required or if they want to check in on the system. Adjustments made by the user are then sent inversely through the system - from the user interface to the cloud, and from the cloud back to the sensors/devices to make changes. As a result, a highly reactive and intuitive device is created which greatly increases automation.

11. Explain the characteristics of IoT.

A: The following are the most important features of IoT on which it operates:

Connectivity: Connectivity is the most important aspect of IoT. The IoT ecosystem (i.e. sensors, compute engines, data hubs, etc.) cannot operate properly without seamless communication among the interrelated components or objects. There are many ways to connect IoT devices including radio waves, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Li-Fi.
Analyzing/Sensing: Once all the relevant things are connected, the next step is to analyze data that is being collected and use it to build effective business intelligence. It is very important to extract knowledge from the generated data. A sensor, for example, generates data, but those data won't be of much use unless they are interpreted properly by us.
Active Engagements: A lot of today's interactions with connected technology occur via passive engagement. Through IoT, multiple products, cross-platform technologies, and services work together on an active engagement basis. The use of cloud computing in blockchain enables active engagements among IoT components in general.
Scalability: Each day, more and more elements are connecting to the IoT zone. IoT setups should therefore be able to handle massive expansion. The data generated as a result is immense, and it should be handled correctly.
Artificial Intelligence: The IoT essentially makes things such as mobile phones, wearables, vehicles, etc., smart and enhances life by making use of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networked technologies. For example, if you have a coffee machine whose beans are going to end, it will order coffee beans from the retailer of your choice.

12. What is a thermocouple sensor?

A: A thermocouple is a sensor that measures temperature by coupling two metal pieces together. The temperature is measured at a junction between these two pieces of metal which are joined at one end. A small voltage is generated by the metal conductors, which can be interpreted to calculate the temperature. A thermocouple is a simple, robust, and cost-effective temperature sensor available in multiple types and sizes. Additionally, they measure a wide temperature range, making them suitable for a variety of applications, such as scientific research, industrial settings, home appliances, and so on.

13. Explain the term ‘smart city’ in IoT.

A: IoT technology has been a driving force behind the development of smart cities since their inception. IoT technology will continue to grow as more countries adopt next-generation connectivity, and it will have a greater impact on our lives. Connected sensors, lights, and meters are some of the IoT devices in smart cities that collect and analyze data. As a result, cities use this data to improve infrastructure, utilities, and other city services.

It is possible to create clever energy grids, automated waste management systems, smart homes, advanced security systems, traffic management mechanisms, water conservation mechanisms, smart lighting, and more with the help of the IoT. IoT has added a new layer of artificial intelligence and innovation to public utilities and urban planning, allowing them to be highly intuitive. These innovations have led to the emergence of smart homes and cities.

14. What do you mean by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)?

A: Have trouble adjusting the brightness of the LEDs in your project? Changing the voltage of the power supply directly in the circuit isn't easy. In that case, you can use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), also referred to as PDM (Pulse Duration Modulation) refers to changing the amount of power that is delivered to a device. PWM is a technique for generating an analog signal from a digital source and is an efficient way to control the amount of energy delivered to a load without wasting any energy. PWM regulates voltage and is therefore used to control brightness in Smart Lighting Systems and also to control motor speed.

15. Explain Shodan.

A: Shodan (Sentient Hyper-Optimized Data Access Network) is a search engine similar to Google, but it does not search for websites, but rather maps and information about internet-connected devices/systems. Shodan is sometimes referred to as an IoT search engine. To put it simply, Shodan is an IoT tool used to identify Internet-connected devices. It keeps track of all the machines with direct Internet access.

Cybersecurity experts use Shodan as a tool to protect individuals, companies, and even public utilities against cyber-attacks. Shodan lets you search for any internet-connected device, and it will tell you if it is publicly available or not.

16. What do you mean by IoT Contiki?

A: Contiki is an operating system developed for IoT devices with limited memory, power, bandwidth, and processing power. Despite being minimalist, it still contains many of the features common to modern operating systems. Programs, processes, resources, memory, and communication can be managed with its help. Due to its lightweight (by modern standards), mature, and flexible nature, it has become a go-to operating system by many academics, researchers, and professionals.

17. Name some of the most suitable databases for IoT.

A: The following databases are suitable for IoT:

InfluxDB
Apache Cassandra
RethinkDB
MongoDB
Sqlite

18. Explain sharding.

A: Sharding is the process of splitting very large databases into smaller, faster, and easier to manage pieces, called data shards. A shard is a small portion or chunk of a large data set. The principle of sharding is to split a logical dataset into multiple databases in order to store it more efficiently. In the case of a dataset that cannot be stored in a single database, sharding is necessary.

IoT Questions for Experienced:

1. What do you mean by Raspberry Pi?

A: Raspberry Pi is a card-sized computer with features like General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pins, WiFi, and Bluetooth that allow it to communicate, control, and connect to other external devices. Combining IoT applications with Raspberry Pi helps businesses embrace technology more effectively.

2. State the difference between IoT and M2M.

A: IoT (Internet of Things): It is referred to as a network of interconnected physical objects that are capable of collecting and exchanging data. These devices contain embedded systems (software, electronics, networks, and sensors) that are able to collect data about the surrounding environment, transmit data over a network, respond to remote commands, or take actions based on data collected. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a subset of M2M (Machine to Machine) technology. In IoT, two machines communicate without human intervention, making it a part of M2M.

M2M (Machine to Machine): In M2M, devices communicate with each other directly via wired or wireless channels, without any human interaction. It enables devices to communicate and share data with each other without relying on the internet. Several applications of M2M communications are available, including security, tracking, and tracing, manufacturing, and facility management.

3. What do you mean by IoT Gateway? What is the role of a gateway in IoT?

A: Devices such as IoT gateways enable communication between IoT devices, sensors, equipment, and systems. Basically, an IoT gateway is a central hub for all IoT devices. It connects the IoT devices to each other and to the cloud, converting communication among the devices and analyzing data to create useful information. Several critical functions are performed by an IoT gateway, including translating protocols, encrypting, processing, managing, and filtering data. As part of an IoT ecosystem, gateways sit between devices and sensors to communicate with the cloud.

IoT gateways are commonly used for the following purposes:

Interconnecting devices
Connecting devices to the cloud
Transforming IoT communications
Data filtering
Reducing security risks, etc.

4. Explain WoT (Web of Things).

A: WoT (Web of Things) is an advancement of the Internet of Things by integrating smart things not only with the Internet (network) but with the Web Architecture (application). In short, the Web of Things (WoT) is aimed at facilitating the interoperability and usability of IoT. It is a web standard for enabling communication between smart devices and web applications.

5. What do you mean by MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol)?

A: The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT) is a publish/subscribe message protocol designed for networks with limited bandwidth and IoT devices with extremely high latency (delay in data transmission). This messaging protocol is simple and lightweight, suited to devices and networks with low bandwidth, high latency, or insecure networks. It has been designed to reduce network bandwidth and resource requirements of devices and to ensure supply security. Furthermore, these principles are beneficial for IoT or M2M devices, since battery life and bandwidth are very important. Because MQTT is efficient and lightweight, it can be used to monitor or control a large amount of data. Nowadays, MQTT is used in a variety of industries, including automotive, manufacturing, telephony, oil and gas.

Publishes are the sources of data that send data to topics. The broker manages the topics, and consumers subscribe to the topics. Upon receiving data for a topic from the publisher, the broker forwards it to all subscribed consumers. As a result, brokers are responsible for receiving data from publishers and sending it to the appropriate consumers.

6. Explain Bluegiga APX4 protocol.

A: The Bluegiga APx4 is a low power wireless System-on-Module (SOM). It's an ideal development platform for developing gateways since it's equipped with integrated Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.0, ARM, and Linux. Wireless and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) can be used together without interference as they are compliant with coexistence protocols. Bluegiga Apx4 supports both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and its 450 mhz Arm9 processor provides smooth performance.

7. What is IoT device management and why do we need it?

A: Once installed, IoT devices may need to be updated or timely fixed. Occasionally, it must be replaced or repaired, resulting in downtime. The problem can be solved using IoT Device management, which can keep the devices in good shape. IoT device management involves provisioning, authenticating, configuring, monitoring, provisioning, and maintaining the connected devices and software. Effective device management is vital for ensuring the health, security, and connectivity of IoT devices. In order to manage IoT devices, you need to meet the following four requirements.

Provisioning and Authentication: IoT devices can be attacked quite easily since their network can be accessed via the Internet. This problem is solved by provisioning and authenticating the devices. By provisioning, you modify the device from its off-the-shelf settings to those needed for it to work with your network. In order to prevent intrusions and safeguard proprietary information, authentication ensures only authorized devices are enrolled.
Configuration and Control: It is always necessary to configure a new device before you can begin using it. It is also critical to control and configure devices after deployment to ensure certain aspects such as performance, security, and functionality. Implementing control capability will be easier this way.
Monitoring and Diagnostics: The device may go down for a time when there are software bugs or certain other issues. To diagnose these issues, users must constantly monitor their devices. Device management assists in diagnosing these issues in order to resolve them quickly and efficiently.
Updates and Maintenance: For a device to function flawlessly, it must be updated after it has been installed. This may involve adding new features. Good device management hinges on the ability to update and maintain the software of remote devices securely.

8. State the difference between IoT and IIoT.

A: IoT (Internet of Things): Any device that can connect to the internet and transfer data to a remote data server is termed the Internet of Things (IoT).

IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things): In the case of IoT devices used for industrial purposes, these devices are referred to as Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). IIoT is the subset of IoT.

9. Explain the meaning of Arduino.

A: Arduino is an open-source platform for building electronics projects using easy-to-use hardware and software. A microcontroller is the common feature of all Arduino boards. The microcontrollers on board are capable of reading inputs (e.g., light on a sensor, an object near a sensor) and converting them to outputs (drive a motor, ring an alarm, turn on an LED, display information on an LCD). It is possible to connect multiple devices and exchange data in real-time between them. It is also possible to monitor them remotely using a simple interface.

10. Explain the sketch in Arduino and how you will reduce the size of the sketch.

A: Arduino refers to a program as a sketch. In other words, it is a bit of code that is uploaded to and executed on an Arduino board. It is possible to reduce the size of the sketch by removing unnecessary libraries from the code and making it simple and short.

11. What is GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output)?

A: GPIO (General-purpose input/output) is a standard interface using which Raspberry Pi and other microcontrollers can connect to external electronic components/devices. These are basically programmable pins on an integrated circuit or board that allow digital input or output signals to be controlled programmatically.

12. State difference between Arduino and Raspberry Pi.

A: We can use many different kinds of controller boards for our hardware projects. Arduino and Raspberry Pi are among the most popular.

13. State difference between IoT and WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)?

A: WSN (Wireless sensor network): It uses a network of dedicated sensors to monitor and record the physical conditions of the environment and to organize the recorded data at one central location. WSN: Sensor nodes connected without a wire to gather data.

IoT (Internet of Things): It is referred to as a network of interconnected physical objects that are capable of collecting and exchanging data. These devices contain embedded systems (software, electronics, networks, and sensors) that are able to collect data about the surrounding environment, transmit data over a network, respond to remote commands, or take actions based on data collected. IoT: WSN + Any physical object (Thing) + IP address + Internet + App + Cloud computing + etc.…

14. Explain IoT GE-PREDIX.

A:GE (General Electric) Predix is a software platform for collecting industrial instrument data. This platform enables industrial-grade analytics for operations optimization and performance management via a cloud-based PaaS (platform as a service).

15. Name some of the wearable Arduino Boards.

A: The following wearable Arduino boards are available:

Lilypad Arduino main board
Lilypad Arduino simple
Lilypad Arduino simple snap
Lilypad Arduino USB

16. Explain IoT asset tracking.

A: "Asset tracking" entails tracking a particular asset and its location, whether it's a hammer, an X-ray machine, a vehicle, a shipping crate, or even a person. How does the IoT fit in here? Rather than manually tracking assets like a supervisor filling out a form when the asset arrives at a specific location, IoT tracking systems use sensors and asset management software to track things automatically. The assets are fitted with sensors, which broadcast their location over the internet on a continuous or periodic basis, and the software displays this information for you to see. Different types of IoT asset tracking systems transmit location information differently, such as via GPS, Wi-Fi, or cellular networks.

17. What do you mean by “Thingful”?

A: Thingful is a search engine for the internet of things (IoT). Using millions of publicly available IoT data resources, it provides a geographical index of real-time data from connected devices around the globe. With Thingful, IoT managers can detect patterns, identify anomalies, and analyze trends to solve problems.

Top IoT interview questions and answers:

1. What is IoT?

A: IoT refers to the internet of things. It is a system of interrelated physical devices that are each assigned a unique identifier. IoT extends internet connectivity beyond traditional platforms, such as PCs, laptops and mobile phones.

IoT devices can transfer data over a network without requiring human interaction. The devices contain embedded systems that can perform different types of operations, such as collecting information about the surrounding environment, transmitting data over a network, responding to remote commands or carrying out actions based on the collected data. IoT devices can include wearables, implants, vehicles, machinery, smartphones, appliances, computing systems or any other device that can be uniquely identified, transfer data and participate in a network.

2. What industries can benefit from IoT?

A: A wide range of industries can benefit from IoT, including healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, automotive, public transportation, utilities and energy, environmental, smart cities, smart homes and consumer devices.

3. How can IoT benefit the healthcare industry?

A: IoT benefits the healthcare industry -- often through what is called the internet of medical things -- in multiple ways, including the following:

Wearable devices that can monitor a patient's vitals or health condition and automatically send status updates back to the medical facility.
Implanted IoT devices that can help maintain a patient's health and automatically provide medical facilities with data about implants and their operations. Some implants can also be adjusted without requiring additional surgery.
Medical facilities can provide patients with wearables that make it easier to monitor and track them, especially patients who get easily confused or are young. Wearables can also track patient flow to optimize processes, such as admitting or discharging.
Medical facilities can provide wearables to staff to help improve productivity by tracking their movements and then analyzing the collected data to determine better ways to manage workflow and optimize daily tasks.
Medical facilities and patients can better manage medications throughout all phases of the medication cycle -- from writing and filling a prescription to tracking usage and reminding patients when it's time to take specific doses.
Medical facilities can improve how they manage their physical environments and assets, as well as internal operations, while making it easier to automate certain processes, such as tracking and ordering supplies. IoT can potentially also facilitate robotics for carrying out routine tasks.
Medical facilities can use IoT to connect medical equipment in different locations so they can more effectively share data and coordinate patient efforts, while eliminating extra paperwork and manual processes.
Medical equipment can use IoT devices to monitor procedures to ensure no errors occur that could jeopardize human health.

Benefits of IoT in the healthcare industry.

4. What is meant by a smart city in IoT?

A: A smart city is an urban area that uses IoT technologies to connect city services and enhance their delivery. Smart cities can help reduce crime, optimize public transportation, improve air quality, streamline traffic flow, lower energy use, manage infrastructure, reduce health risks, simplify parking, manage utilities and improve a variety of other processes. Using sensor-driven data collection, the smart city can orchestrate and automate a wide range of services, while reducing costs and making those services easier to access for more people.

Implementing a smart city takes more than just spreading IoT devices around. The city needs a comprehensive infrastructure for deploying and maintaining those devices, as well as for processing, analyzing and storing the data. The system requires sophisticated applications that incorporate advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and predictive analytics. The system must also address security and privacy concerns, as well as interoperability issues that might arise. Not surprisingly, such an effort can take significant time and money, yet the benefits of a smart city could be well worth the effort for the municipality that can make it work.

Components of a smart city that use IoT.

5. What are the main components of the IoT architecture?

A: The IoT architecture consists of the following components:

Smart devices. Include embedded systems for carrying out tasks such as collecting and transmitting data or responding to commands from external control and management systems.
Data processing platforms. Include the hardware and software necessary to process and analyze the data coming in over the network from the IoT devices.
Storage platforms. Manage and store the data and interface with the data processing platform to support its operations.
Network infrastructure. Facilitates communication between the devices and the data processing and storage platforms.
UI. Enables individuals to connect directly to IoT devices to configure and manage them, as well as verify their status and troubleshoot them. The UI might also provide a way to view the device's collected data or generated logs. This interface is separate from those used to view data collected on the data processing or storage platforms.

There are other ways to categorize IoT architecture. For example, treat data processing and storage platforms as a single component, or break the data processing platform into multiple components, such as hardware and software.

6. What is an embedded system on an IoT device?

A: An embedded system is a combination of hardware, software and firmware that's configured for a specific purpose. It's essentially a small computer that can be embedded in mechanical or electrical systems, such as automobiles, industrial equipment, medical devices, smart speakers or digital watches. An embedded system might be programmable or have fixed functionality.

It's generally made up of a processor, memory, power supply and communication ports and includes the software necessary to carry out operations. Some embedded systems might also run a lightweight OS, such as a stripped-down version of Linux.

An embedded system uses communication ports to transmit data from its processor to a peripheral device, which might be a gateway, central data processing platform or another embedded system. The processor might be a microprocessor or a microcontroller, which is a microprocessor that includes integrated memory and peripheral interfaces. To interpret the collected data, the processor uses specialized software stored in memory.

Embedded systems can vary significantly between IoT devices in terms of complexity and function, but they all provide the capacity to process and transmit data.

7. What are the primary hardware components that make up an embedded system?

A: An embedded system can include any of the following types of hardware components:

Sensor or other input device. Gather information from the observable world and convert it to an electrical signal. The type of data gathered depends on the input device.
Analog-to-digital converter. Changes an electrical signal from analog to digital.
Processor. Processes the digital data the sensor or other input device collects.
Memory. Stores specialized software and the digital data the sensor or other input device collects.
Digital-to-analog converter. Changes the digital data from the processor into analog data.
Actuator. Takes action based on the data collected from a sensor or other input device.

An embedded system might comprise multiple sensors and actuators. For example, a system might include several sensors that gather environmental information, which is converted and sent to the processor. Once processed, the data is converted again and sent on to several actuators, which carry out prescribed actions.

Hardware components of an embedded system.

8. What is a sensor in an IoT device?

A: A sensor is a physical object that detects and responds to input from its surrounding environment, essentially reading the environment for information. For example, a sensor that measures temperatures within a piece of heavy machinery detects and responds to the temperature within that machinery, as opposed to registering the outside temperature. The information that a sensor gathers is typically transmitted electronically to other components in an embedded system, where it is converted and processed as necessary.

The IoT industry supports many types of sensors, including those that can measure light, heat, motion, moisture, temperature, pressure, proximity, smoke, chemicals, air quality or other environmental conditions. Some IoT devices contain multiple sensors to capture a mix of data. For example, an office building might include smart thermostats that track both temperature and motion. That way, if no one is in the room, the thermostat automatically lowers the heat.

A sensor is different from an actuator, which responds to the data the sensor generates.

9. What are some examples of sensors that can be used in agriculture?

A: Many sensors are available for agriculture, including the following:

Airflow. Measures soil's air permeability.
Acoustic. Measures the level of noise from pests.
Chemical. Measures levels of a specific chemical, such as ammonium, potassium or nitrate, or measures such conditions as pH levels or presence of a specific ion.
Electromagnetic. Measures the soil's ability to conduct electrical charge, which can be used to determine characteristics such as water content, organic matter or degree of saturation.
Electrochemical. Measures the nutrients within the soil.
Humidity. Measures the moisture within the air, such as in a greenhouse.
Soil moisture. Measures the wetness of the soil.

10. What is a thermocouple sensor?

A: A thermocouple sensor is a common type of sensor that measures temperature. The sensor includes two dissimilar electrical metal conductors joined at one end to form an electrical junction, which is where the temperature is measured. The two metal conductors produce a small voltage that can be interpreted to calculate the temperature. Thermocouples come in multiple types and sizes, are inexpensive to build and are highly versatile. They can also measure a wide range of temperatures, making them well suited for a variety of applications, including scientific research, industrial settings, home appliances and other environments.

11. What are some of the main differences between Arduino and Raspberry Pi?

A: Arduino and Raspberry Pi are electronic prototyping platforms used extensively in IoT devices. Table 1 describes some of the differences between the two platforms.

Table 1. Arduino and Raspberry Pi prototyping platforms are used extensively in IoT devices.

12. What are GPIO pins in Raspberry Pi platforms?

A: General-purpose I/O (GPIO) is a standard interface that Raspberry and other microcontrollers use to connect to external electronic components. Recent Raspberry Pi models are configured with 40 GPIO pins, which are used for multiple purposes. For example, GPIO pins supply 3.3 volt or 5 volt direct current power, provide a ground for devices, serve as a serial peripheral interface bus, act as a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter or deliver other functionality. One of the biggest advantages of Raspberry Pi GPIO pins is that IoT developers can control them through software, making them especially flexible and able to serve specific IoT purposes.

13. What role does a gateway play in IoT?

A: An IoT gateway is a physical device or software program that facilitates communications between IoT devices and the network that carries device data to a centralized platform, such as the public cloud, where data is processed and stored. Smart device gateways and cloud endpoint protection products can move data in both directions, while helping to protect data from being compromised, often employing such techniques as tamper detection, encryption, crypto engines or hardware random number generators. Gateways might also include features that enhance IoT communications, such as caching, buffering, filtering, data cleansing or even data aggregation.

14. What is the OSI model and what communication layers does it define?

A: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model provides a foundation for internet communication, including IoT systems. The OSI model defines a standard for how devices transfer data and communicate with each other over a network and is divided into seven layers that build on top of each other:

Layer 1: Physical layer. Transports data using electrical, mechanical or procedural interfaces, sending bits from one device to another along the network.
Layer 2: Data link layer. A protocol layer that handles how data is moved into and out of a physical link in a network. It also addresses bit transmission errors.
Layer 3: Network layer. Packages data with the network address information and selects the appropriate network routes. It then forwards the packaged data up the stack to the transport layer.
Layer 4: Transport layer. Transfers data across a network, while providing error-checking mechanisms and data flow controls.
Layer 5: Session layer. Establishes, authenticates, coordinates and terminates conversations between applications. It also reestablishes connections after interruptions.
Layer 6: Presentation layer. Translates and formats the data for the application layer using semantics accepted by the application. It also carries out required encryption and decryption operations.
Layer 7: Application layer. Enables an end user, whether software or human, to interact with the data through the necessary interfaces.

15. What are some of the protocols used for IoT communication?

A: The following list includes many of the protocols being used for IoT:

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol.
Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth LE).
Cellular.
Constrained Application Protocol.
Data Distribution Service.
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol.
Lightweight machine-to-machine.
Long range and LoRaWAN.
MQTT.
Wi-Fi.
Zigbee.
Z-Wave.

Cellular IoT protocols, such as LTE-M, narrowband IoT and 5G can also facilitate IoT communications. In fact, 5G promises to play a significant role in the coming onslaught of IoT devices.

16. What are the main differences between Bluetooth and Bluetooth LE?

A: Bluetooth, sometimes referred to as Bluetooth Classic, is typically used for different purposes than Bluetooth Low Energy. Bluetooth Classic can handle much more data but consumes a lot more power. Bluetooth LE requires less power but can't exchange nearly as much data. Table 2 provides an overview of some of the specific differences between the two technologies.

Table 2. Explore the major differences among Bluetooth Classic, standard Bluetooth technology and Bluetooth Low Energy.

17. What impact could IPv6 have on IoT?

A: Internet Protocol Version 6, commonly referred to as IPv6, is an upgrade from IPv4. One of the most significant changes is IPv6 increases the size of IP addresses from 32 bits to 128 bits. Because of its 32-bit limitation, IPv4 can support only about 4.2 billion addresses, which has already proved insufficient. The mounting number of IoT devices and other platforms that use IP addresses requires a system that can handle future addressing needs. The industry designed IPv6 to accommodate trillions of devices, making it well suited for IoT. IPv6 also promises improvements in security and connectivity. It's the additional IP addresses that take center stage, however, which is why many believe that IPv6 will play a pivotal role in the future success of IoT.

18. What is the Zigbee Alliance?

A: The Zigbee Alliance is a group of organizations working together to create, evolve and promote open standards for IoT platforms and devices. It's developing global standards for wireless device-to-device IoT communication and certifies products to help ensure interoperability. One of its most well-known efforts is Zigbee, an open standard for implementing low-power, self-organizing mesh networks. Zigbee-certified products can use the same IoT language to connect and communicate with each other, reducing interoperability issues. Zigbee is based on the IEEE 802.15 specification but adds network and security layers in addition to an application framework.

19. What are some use cases for IoT data analytics?

A: The following use cases represent ways IoT data analytics can benefit organizations:

Forecasting customer requirements and desires to better plan product features and release cycles, as well as deliver new value-added services.
Optimizing HVAC equipment in office buildings, shopping malls, medical centers, data centers and other enclosed environments.
Improving the level of care given to patients with similar conditions, while being able to better understand those conditions and target the needs of specific individuals.
Optimizing delivery operations, such as scheduling, routing and vehicle maintenance, as well as reducing fuel costs and emissions.
Acquiring in-depth knowledge of how consumers use their products so a company can develop more strategic marketing campaigns.
Predicting and identifying potential security threats to better protect data and meet compliance requirements.
Tracking how utilities are delivered to customers across regions and better understanding their usage patterns.
Improving agricultural practices to achieve more abundant yet sustainable yields.
Optimizing manufacturing operations to make better use of equipment and improve workflows.

20. How can edge computing benefit IoT?

A: Edge computing can benefit IoT in a number of ways, including the following:

Supporting IoT devices in environments with limited network connectivity, such as cruise ships, agricultural settings, offshore oil rigs or other remote locations.
Reducing network congestion by preprocessing data in an edge environment and then transmitting only the aggregated data to a central repository.
Reducing latency by processing the data closer to the IoT devices generating that data, resulting in quicker response times.
Reducing potential security and compliance risks by transmitting less data across the internet or by creating smaller network segments that are easier to manage and troubleshoot.
Decentralizing massive cloud centers to better serve specific environments and reduce the costs and complexities that come with transmitting, managing, storing and processing large data sets on a centralized platform.

21. How could 5G cellular networks affect IoT?

A: The 5G networks could affect IoT in a variety of way, including the following:

Higher bandwidth and faster throughputs make it possible to support more advanced use cases, especially those that require quicker response times, such as traffic control systems or automated public transportation.
Organizations can distribute more sensors to capture a wider range of information about environmental factors or equipment behavior, resulting in more comprehensive analytics and a greater capacity of automating operations both at the industrial level and consumer level.
5G could enable IoT on a more comprehensive scale in areas where it might be otherwise difficult to achieve, helping industries such as healthcare and agriculture.
The faster throughput and ability to handle data from more sensors makes it easier to establish smart cities, which require a higher saturation of IoT devices.
Manufacturers could use 5G to better track inventory throughout its lifecycle, as well as better control workflows and optimize operations.
5G enables organizations and governments to respond more quickly and efficiently to different types of incidents, such as medical emergencies, pipeline leaks, fires, traffic accidents, weather events or natural disasters.
Automobiles can benefit from 5G as cars become more connected, helping to keep them safer, better maintained and more fuel efficient, while also making the autonomous car more of a reality.

22. What are some of the biggest security vulnerabilities that come with IoT?

A: Security remains a huge part of IoT. The Open Web Application Security Project has identified the top 10 IoT security vulnerabilities, which include the following:

Weak, guessable or hardcoded passwords.
Insecure network services.
Insecure ecosystem interfaces.
Lack of secure update mechanisms.
Use of insecure or outdated components.
Insufficient privacy protection.
Insecure data transfer and storage.
Lack of device management.
Insecure default settings.
Lack of physical hardening.

23. What steps can an organization take to protect IoT systems and devices?

A: An organization can take several steps to protect its IoT systems, including the following:

Incorporate security at the design phase, with security enabled by default.
Use public key infrastructures and X.509 certificates to secure IoT devices.
Use application performance indicators to safeguard data integrity.
Ensure each device has a unique identifier, and implement endpoint hardening, such as making devices tamper-proof or tamper-evident.
Use advanced cryptographic algorithms to encrypt data in transit and at rest.
Protect networks by disabling port forwarding, closing unused ports, blocking unauthorized IP addresses and keeping network software and firmware up to date. Also, implement anti malware, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems and any other necessary protections.
Use network access control mechanisms to identify and inventory IoT devices connecting to the network.
Use separate networks for IoT devices that connect directly to the internet.
Use security gateways to serve as intermediaries between IoT devices and the network.
Continuously update and patch any software that participates in the IoT system or is used to manage IoT components.
Provide security training and education for individuals who participate in the IoT system at any level -- whether planning, deploying, developing or managing.

24. What are the top challenges of implementing an IoT system?

A: Organizations that want to implement an effective IoT system face a variety of challenges, including the following:

IoT can generate massive volumes of data, and organizations must be able to effectively manage, store, process and analyze that data to realize the fullest potential from their IoT systems.
In some circumstances, managing power supplies for IoT devices can be difficult, especially devices in hard-to-reach locations or those that rely on battery power.
Managing IoT devices can be an overwhelming undertaking even for the most seasoned IT administrators, who must often take extra steps to monitor and manage those devices.
Maintaining network connectivity for multiple IoT device types can be a significant challenge, especially when those devices are highly distributed or in remote locations, or if bandwidth is severely limited.
The lack of common IoT standards can make it difficult to deploy and manage large numbers of IoT devices that come from different vendors and are based on proprietary technologies that differ significantly from one another.
Ensuring the reliability of an IoT system can be difficult because IoT devices are highly distributed and must often contend with other internet traffic. Natural disasters, disruptions in cloud services, power failures, system failures or other conditions can affect the components that make up an IoT system.
Complying with government regulations represents another significant challenge with IoT, especially if operating in multiple regions or in regions with conflicting or frequently changing regulations.
IoT systems face security threats on many fronts -- botnets, ransomware, domain name server threats, shadow IT, physical vulnerabilities and other sources -- and organizations must be able to protect their IoT devices, network infrastructure, on-premises compute and storage resources, and all the data that comes with IoT.

25. What are the differences between IoT and IIoT?

A: Industrial internet of things (IIoT) is often defined as a subset of IoT that focuses specifically on industrial settings, such as manufacturing, agriculture or oil and gas. However, some people in the industry define IoT and IIoT as two separate efforts, with IoT focused on the consumer side of device connectivity. In either case, IIoT falls squarely on the industrial side of the equation and is concerned primarily with the use of smart sensors and actuators to enhance and automate industrial operations.

Also known as Industry 4.0, IIoT uses smart machines that support machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies or cognitive computing technologies, such as AI, machine learning or deep learning. Some machines even incorporate both types of technologies. Smart machines capture and analyze data in real time and communicate information that can be used to drive business decisions. When compared to IoT in general, IIoT tends to have stricter requirements in such areas as compatibility, security, resilience and precision. Ultimately, IIoT aims to streamline operations, improve workflows, increase productivity and maximize automation.

26. What are the main differences between IoT and M2M?

A: The terms IoT and M2M are sometimes used interchangeably, but they aren’t the same. M2M enables networked devices to interact with each other and carry out operations without human interaction. For example, M2M is often used to enable ATMs to communicate with a central platform. M2M devices use point-to-point communication mechanisms to exchange information using a wired or wireless network. An M2M system typically relies on standard network technologies, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi, making it cost-effective for establishing M2M communication.

IoT is often considered an evolution of M2M that increases connectivity capabilities to create a much larger network of communicating devices, relying on IP-based technologies to facilitate that communication. Standard M2M systems have limited scalability options and tend to be isolated systems that are best suited for simple device-to-device communication, typically with one machine at a time. IoT has a much broader range that can integrate multiple device architectures into a single ecosystem, with support for simultaneous communications across devices. However, IoT and M2M are similar in that both systems provide a structure for exchanging data between devices without human intervention.

27. What is IoE?

A: The internet of everything (IoE) is a conceptual leap that reaches beyond IoT -- which focuses on things -- into an expanded realm of connectivity that incorporates people, process and data, along with things. The concept of IoE originated with Cisco, which stated that the "benefit of IoE is derived from the compound impact of connecting people, process, data and things, and the value this increased connectedness creates as 'everything' comes online."

By comparison, IoT refers only to the networked connection of physical objects, while IoE expands this network to include people-to-people and people-to-machine connections. Cisco and other proponents believe that those who harness IoE will be able to capture new value by "connecting the unconnected."

28. Which types of testing should be performed on an IoT system?

A: Enterprises implementing an IoT system should conduct a variety of testing, including the following types:

Usability. Ensures IoT devices offer optimal UX, based on the environment in which the device will typically be used.
Functionality. Ensures all features on the IoT device work as designed.
Security. Ensures that IoT devices, software and infrastructure -- network, compute and storage -- meet all applicable security requirements and regulatory standards.
Data integrity. Ensures the integrity of the data across communication channels, throughout processing operations and within storage platforms.
Performance. Ensures that IoT devices, software and infrastructure provide the performance necessary to deliver uninterrupted services within the expected time frame.
Scalability. Ensures the IoT system can scale as necessary to meet evolving requirements without impacting performance or disrupting services.
Reliability. Ensures the IoT devices and systems can deliver the expected level of services without incurring unnecessary or prolonged downtimes.
Connectivity. Ensures IoT devices and system components can properly communicate without disruptions in connectivity or data transfer operations and can automatically recover from any disruptions without incurring any data loss.
Compatibility. Ensures compatibility issues between IoT devices and other system components are identified and addressed and that devices can be added, moved or removed without disruptions to services.
Exploratory. Ensures the IoT system works as expected under real-world conditions, while detecting issues that might not be caught by other types of testing.

29. What is IoT asset tracking?

A: IoT asset tracking refers to the process of using IoT to monitor the location of an organization’s physical assets, no matter where they’re located or how they’re being used. Assets can include anything from delivery vans to medical equipment to construction tools. Rather than try to track these assets manually, a company can use IoT asset tracking to automatically identify the location and movement of each tracked device, helping save time and ensure greater accuracy. At the same time, organizations can use asset tracking to simplify inventory maintenance, improve asset use, and optimize workflows and daily operations.

Conclusion:

A wide range of organizations can benefit from the internet of things. A key objective of the Internet of Things is to extend internet access from smartphones, laptops, and tablet devices to relatively basic devices such as toasters. As the Internet of Things has grown, there have been more in the fields of Mobile opportunities development, Cars, and household products that utilize and connect the Internet. With IoT technology pervading every aspect of our lives, an increased need for professionals trained to handle IoT devices has developed.

Hence, if you're considering an IoT interview, you've found the right place. In this article, we have compiled a list of the most frequently asked IoT interview questions with answers curated for both freshers and experienced professionals. Hopefully, these IoT interview questions will help you succeed in your next interview. Wishing you continued success.